11/24/2023 0 Comments Japan schooling systemAs an indication of its success, elementary school enrollments climbed from about 30% percent of the school-age population in the 1870s to more than 90 percent by 1900, despite strong public protest, especially against school fees.Ī modern concept of childhood emerged in Japan after 1850 as part of its engagement with the West. After some trial and error, a new national education system emerged. Such ideas and ambitious initial plans, however, proved very difficult to carry out. They returned with the ideas of decentralization, local school boards, and teacher autonomy. Missions like the Iwakura mission were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading Western countries. The Meiji leaders established a public education system to help Japan catch up with the West and form a modern nation. In 1858 Fukuzawa Yukichi founded a private school of Western studies which then became Keio University, known as a leading institute in Japanese higher education.Īfter 1868 new leadership set Japan on a rapid course of modernization. These rates were comparable to major European nations at the time (apart from Germany, which had compulsory schooling). By the 1860s, 40–50% of Japanese boys, and 15% of the girls, had some schooling outside the home. Public education was provided for the Samurai, ordinary people taught the rudiments to their own children or joined together to hire a young teacher. Teaching techniques included reading from various textbooks, memorizing, abacus, and repeatedly copying Chinese characters and Japanese script. By the end of the Tokugawa period, there were more than 11,000 such schools, attended by 750,000 students. These schools were no longer religious institutions, nor were they, by 1867, predominantly located in temples. Much of this education was conducted in so-called temple schools ( terakoya), derived from earlier Buddhist schools. Some samurai and even commoners also attended private academies, which often specialized in particular Japanese subjects or in Western medicine, modern military science, gunnery, or Rangaku (Dutch studies), as European studies were called.Įducation of commoners was generally practically oriented, providing basic training in reading, writing, and arithmetic, emphasizing calligraphy and use of the abacus. Most samurai attended schools sponsored by their han (domains), and by the time of the Meiji Restoration of 1868, more than 200 of the 276 han had established schools. Arithmetic and calligraphy were also studied. Confucian classics were memorized, and reading and reciting them were common methods of study. Samurai curricula stressed morality and included both military and literary studies. ĭuring the Tokugawa period, the role of many of the bushi, or samurai, changed from warrior to government bureaucrat, and as a consequence, their formal education and their literacy increased proportionally. Under subsequent Meiji leadership, this foundation would facilitate Japan's rapid transition from feudal society country to a modernizing nation. Tokugawa education left a valuable legacy: an increasingly literate populace, a meritocratic ideology, and an emphasis on discipline and competent performance. By the period's end, learning had become widespread. When the Tokugawa period began, few common people in Japan could read or write. Its administrative head was called Daigaku-no-kami as head of the Tokugawa training school for shogunate bureaucrats. Japan was very unified by the Tokugawa regime (1600–1867) and the Neo-Confucian academy, the Yushima Seidō in Edo was the chief educational institution of the state. Japanese students thus began to study Latin and Western classical music, as well as their own language. Jesuit missionaries, who accompanied Portuguese traders, preached Christianity and opened a number of religious schools. ![]() ![]() In the sixteenth century Japan experienced intense contact with the major European powers. During the medieval period (1185–1600), Zen Buddhist monasteries were especially important centers of learning, and the Ashikaga School, Ashikaga Gakkō, flourished in the fifteenth century as a center of higher learning. Along with the introduction of Buddhism came the Chinese system of writing and its literary tradition, and Confucianism.īy the ninth century, Heian-kyō (today's Kyoto), the imperial capital, had five institutions of higher learning, and during the remainder of the Heian period, other schools were established by the nobility and the imperial court. Foreign civilizations have often provided new ideas for the development of Japan's own culture.Ĭhinese teachings and ideas flowed into Japan from the sixth to the ninth century. ![]() ![]() The history of education in Japan dates back at least to the sixth century, when Chinese learning was introduced at the Yamato court.
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